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This paper aims to review research on carrying capacity over two periods and provide a future perspective.

This paper is a brief review of literature and commentary.

A subject of potential major importance with significant implications has been relatively ignored by researchers over the past few decades.

None directly, but discussion of implications if carrying capacity is not researched further.

Commentary on urgent need for research on a topic gaining a deal of attention through overtourism to provide development guidelines.

Lack of limits on tourist numbers is causing significant social concern for residents of destinations who are protesting for action to limit numbers and impacts, as seen by concerns about overtourism.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is a first review of carrying capacity in the tourism literature for several years.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and review attempts at mitigation and prevention of overtourism and to outline reasons for the failure to date of such efforts.

This paper is a perspective paper and draws on an examination of relevant literature on the subject through the lens of a conceptual framework. It outlines the changing roles of tourism development and marketing organisations and the failure of public sector agencies to control and manage tourism. The varying methods of limiting tourist numbers are examined, and their weaknesses are presented.

Conclusions reveal that there are a series of global trends that are contributing to the appearance and continuation of overtourism and which, to date, are proving immune to mitigation and resolution for specific reasons. These include a lack of willingness to accept the problem of tourist numbers and to reduce or effectively manage these at all levels, from local to international.

Present approaches to mitigation need to be revisited and better integrated with management and control of all aspects of development and framed to achieve and retain political support at all levels.

There has been little attempt before to analyse the reasons for the failure to effectively mitigate or prevent overtourism, and this paper makes an original contribution in this area in that it is an evaluation of what is known and a summary of shortcomings within the industry and academia.

本论文是一篇观点性论文, 通过概念框架的视角对相关文献进行审视。它概述了旅游开发和营销组织角色的变化以及公共部门机构控制和管理旅游业的失败。研究了限制游客数量的各种方法, 并指出了它们的缺点。

本文的目的是识别和回顾缓解和预防过度旅游的措施, 并概述迄今为止这些措施失败的原因。

结论表明, 有一系列全球趋势促成了过度旅游的出现和延续, 迄今为止, 由于特定原因, 应对过度旅游的措施对这些趋势无效。这包括不愿意接受和游客人数相关的问题, 不愿意在从地方到国际各级进行减少或有效管理游客人数。

本文讨论了许多旅游目的地未能解决过度旅游问题的原因。目前的缓解办法需要重新审视, 并更好地与所有区域发展方面相关的管理和控制措施相结合, 并加以规章立制, 以便在各级获得和保持政界支持。

它概述了未来研究的潜在方向, 因此对目的地管理机构具有实际意义。特别是, 目前的缓解办法需要重新审视, 并更好地与所有区域发展方面相关的管理和控制措施相结合, 并加以规章立制, 以便在各级获得和保持政界支持。

在许多人的心目中, 过度旅游是一个非常严重的社会问题, 本文解释了为什么这个问题很难解决。对过去失败的评估可使旅游目的地居民能够提出不同和更有效的措施, 特别是这些措施该如何实施。

创新点/价值（限100字）

之前很少有人试图分析未能有效缓解或防止过度旅游的原因。本文在这一领域作出了独创性贡献, 对文献中研究和讨论的内容进行了评估, 总结了业界和学界的不足之处, 总结了公共部门政策的失败。

Este trabajo es un artículo de perspectiva y se centra en un análisis de la literatura relevante sobre el tema objeto de estudio a través de un marco conceptual. Se destacan los roles cambiantes del desarrollo del turismo y de las organizaciones de marketing, así como los errores de las organizaciones del sector público para controlar y gestionar el turismo. Se presentan los diversos métodos para limitar el número de turistas y se analizan sus debilidades.

La finalidad de este trabajo es identificar y revisar los intentos de mitigación y prevención de la saturación turística y esbozar las razones del fracaso hasta la fecha de dichos esfuerzos.

Las conclusiones revelan que existen una serie de tendencias globales que están contribuyendo a la aparición y continuidad de la saturación turística y que, hasta la fecha, están demostrando ser inmunes a la mitigación y resolución por razones específicas. Éstas incluyen la falta de voluntad para aceptar el problema del número de turistas y reducirlos o gestionarlos de manera eficaz en todos los niveles, desde el ámbito local hasta el internacional.

El trabajo analiza lo que se considera como las razones del fracaso para resolver la saturación turística en muchos destinos turísticos. Los enfoques actuales para la mitigación necesitan ser revisados e integrarse mejor con la gestión y el control de todos los aspectos del desarrollo, y deben enmarcarse para lograr y mantener el apoyo político en todos los niveles.

Se identifican las áreas potenciales para un mayor estudio, así como nuevas aplicaciones y, por tanto, presenta implicaciones prácticas para las organizaciones que gestionan los destinos. En particular, los enfoques actuales de mitigación deben revisarse e integrarse mejor con la gestión y el control de todos los aspectos del desarrollo, y deben enmarcarse para lograr y retener el apoyo político en todos los niveles y ser efectivos.

La saturación turística es un problema social en la mente de muchas personas y el documento explica por qué este problema ha demostrado ser difícil de resolver. La evaluación de los fracasos del pasado debería permitir a los residentes de los destinos turísticos abogar por medidas diferentes y más eficaces y, en particular, para que esas medidas se apliquen correctamente.

Existen escasos intentos anteriores para analizar las razones del fracaso para mitigar o prevenir eficazmente la saturación turística. El artículo presenta una contribución original en esta área al mostrar una evaluación de lo que se ha investigado y discutido en la literatura y se ofrece una síntesis de las deficiencias dentro de la industria y la academia y el fracaso de las organizaciones del sector público para implementar sus políticas.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of golf tourism in contributing to the overall sustainability of the destination community of St Andrews, Scotland.

It uses a primarily qualitative assessment of impacts supported by archive material from local sources including the local media.

Golf tourism in the town of St Andrews has a long history and has been integrated into the development of the town for many centuries. This has meant that there has been developed a positive relationship between golf and its organisation and the community, and there is widespread support for golf tourism and acknowledgement of the importance of this activity for the well-being of the town. There is acceptance that residents benefit in many ways from the presence of golf tourism in the town.

No direct quantitative assessments were made, but previous surveys of the impact of golf tourism on the town are used in drawing the conclusions. Extensive literary research was conducted on attitudes and perceptions of community residents to golf tourism.

It is clear that the concept of sustainable development is context specific in terms of its validity and effectiveness, and it should be examined in terms of local conditions and arrangements.

In this case, an activity that has taken place in the community for 500 years is widely accepted and improved through tourism development.

While case studies are not always of benefit and often reflect only a single viewpoint at one time, this paper shows that implications can be drawn from case studies that reflect situations that exist in other destinations.

Investigates the importance of English language sources of Friedrich Theodor Althoff (1839‐1908), a German of great influence both in his own country and, indirectly, in the United States. Explores some measures of his influence in education and international understanding. Examines a wide variety of sources. Explains how it could happen that an influential person would end up in intellectual history with almost no recognition. Challenges several conventional assessments. Althoff′s most important contributions are in print and more almost certainly exist in university archives, but the material is scattered and unorganized. Because we do not yet have the full story of this remarkable and complex man, firm conclusions about his influence are not yet possible.

It is now forty years since there appeared H. R. Plomer's first volume Dictionary of the booksellers and printers who were at work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1641 to 1667. This has been followed by additional Bibliographical Society publications covering similarly the years up to 1775. From the short sketches given in this series, indicating changes of imprint and type of work undertaken, scholars working with English books issued before the closing years of the eighteenth century have had great assistance in dating the undated and in determining the colour and calibre of any work before it is consulted.

THE enterprise of two London newspapers, the Tribune (for the second time) and the Daily Chronicle, in organizing exhibitions of books affords a convenient excuse for once again bringing forward proposals for a more permanent exhibition. On many occasions during the past twenty years the writer has made suggestions for the establishment of a central book bazaar, to which every kind of book‐buyer could resort in order to see and handle the latest literature on every subject. An experiment on wrong lines was made by the Library Bureau about fifteen years ago, but here, as in the exhibitions above mentioned, the arrangement was radically bad. Visiting the Daily Chronicle show in company with other librarians, and taking careful note of the planning, one was struck by the inutility of having the books arranged by publishers and not by subjects. Not one visitor in a hundred cares twopence whether books on electricity, biography, history, travel, or even fairy tales, are issued by Longmans, Heinemann, Macmillan, Dent or any other firm. What everyone wants to see is all the recent and latest books on definite subjects collected together in one place. The arrangements at the Chronicle and Tribune shows are just a jumble of old and new books placed in show‐cases by publishers' names, similar to the abortive exhibition held years ago in Bloomsbury Street. What the book‐buyer wants is not a miscellaneous assemblage of books of all periods, from 1877 to date, arranged in an artistic show‐case and placed in charge of a polite youth who only knows his own books—and not too much about them—but a properly classified and arranged collection of the newest books only, which could be expounded by a few experts versed in literature and bibliography. What is the use of salesmen in an exhibition where books are not sold outright? If these exhibitions were strictly limited to the newest books only, there would be much less need for salesmen to be retained as amateur detectives. Another decided blemish on such an exhibition is the absence of a general catalogue. Imagine any exhibition on business lines in which visitors are expected to cart away a load of catalogues issued separately by the various exhibitors and all on entirely different plans of arrangement! The British publisher in nearly everything he does is one of the most hopeless Conservatives in existence. He will not try anything which has not been done by his grandfather or someone even more remote, so that publishing methods remain crystallized almost on eighteenth century lines. The proposal about to be made is perhaps far too revolutionary for the careful consideration of present‐day publishers, but it is made in the sincere hope that it may one day be realized. It has been made before without any definite details, but its general lines have been discussed among librarians for years past.

The library services we provide today are built on the skill, energy and vision of earlier generations of librarians; yet most of these pioneers remain unknown. Examines the career of Butler Wood, librarian at Bradford for 50 years, 41 of them as chief librarian. In addition to the successful development of a major municipal library, he developed art gallery and museum services; was a founder member and contributor to many literary, historical and cultural organizations; he influenced the development of reference and rural libraries; and he contributed to the growth of the library profession itself. An appreciation of this visionary scholar/ administrator can provide inspiration today.

A species of moral malaise afflicts the professions today, a malaise that may prove fatal to their moral identities and perilous to our whole society. It is manifest in a growing conviction even among conscientious doctors, lawyers, and ministers that it is no longer possible to practice their professions within traditional ethical constraints. More specifically, the belief is taking hold that unless professionals look out for their own self‐interest, they will be crushed by commercialization, competition, government regulation, malpractice actions, advertising, public and media hostility, and a host of other inimical socio‐economic forces. This line of reasoning leads the professional to infer that self‐interest justifies compromises in, and even rejection of, obligations that standards of professional ethics have traditionally imposed.